Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Vernornia Amygdalina (bitter Leaf) Extracts Against Salmonella Typhi from Clinical Isolates

Salmonellosis is becoming a common illness in underdeveloped nations, and
specifically, typhoid fever is a major public health concern due to its high likelihood of
recurrence. Salmonella has become resistant to numerous drugs, making it necessary
to look for effective novel antibacterial substances from alternative sources, including
plants. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves)
extracts was assessed in this study against Salmonella typhi from clinical isolates. The
bitter leave was cleaned, dried, and ground into powder. The phytochemical content of
the leaves was extracted using ethanol and aqueous solvent; the extracts' antibacterial
activity was tested against clinical isolates of Salmonella. Alkaloids, phenos, saponins,
steroids, tannins, and glycosides were among the constituents present, according to
the phytochemical analysis. The highest zone of inhibition was 21.5 mm for the
ethanolic extract at 100mg/mL concentration demonstrated against Salmonella typhi
isolate, while 16.5 mm was the highest zone of inhibition for the aqueous extract at
100mg/mL concentration against Salmonella typhi isolate. For both extracts, the
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
(MBC) of all Salmonella isolates tested were found at 25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL
concentrations, respectively. V. amygdalina has antibacterial activity against Salmonella
and should be investigated further for potential application in developing anti
Salmonella medications and managing salmonellosis. The final objective focuses on
evaluating the antibiofilm activity of clove extract. After examining organism capable of
forming biofilm under favourable conditions. Biofilm formation is a significant
challenge in opposing microbial infections, and the ability of bitter extract to disrupt or
prevent biofilm formation, enhances its potential as a therapeutic agent. The positive
outcomes from this research signify the possibilities of bitter leaf extract in addressing
typhoid caused by Salmonella typhi. The extraction process unveils the inherent
bioactive compounds, while antibacterial and antibiofilm assessments provided
quantitative visions into the extract's efficacy. This study not only contributes to the
understanding of phytochemical-based interventions against Salmonella typhi but also
suggests potential avenues for future research, optimization, and application of bitter
leaf extract in the development of new relaxing approaches.