Extraction and Characterization of the Volatile Oils of Lemon Peels Using Gcms Analysis

Student: Blessing Bamai Dare (Project, 2025)
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Kaduna State

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study investigates the extraction and characterization of volatile oil from lemon peels (Citrus limon) using hydrodistillation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracted essential oil was analysed to determine its chemical composition and potential applications. GC-MS analysis identified 20 major compounds, with D-limonene being the predominant component (23.88%), followed by citronellyl butyrate (13.68%), γ-sitosterol (3.42%), β-sitosterol acetate (6.39%), and citronellol (3.15%). The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of key functional groups, including C-H (2920.4 cm⁻¹), C=C (1645.6 cm⁻¹), and C=O (1746.3 cm⁻¹), indicative of alkanes, alkenes, and esters. These bioactive compounds contribute to the oil's antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for food preservation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. The findings emphasize the potential of lemon peel oil as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives, aligning with global efforts to promote waste valorisation and green chemistry. Further research is recommended to optimize extraction techniques and assess the bioactivity of the oil for potential industrial and therapeutic applications.

Keywords
extraction characterization volatile lemon peels analysis
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