Determination of the Elemental Composition and Pesticide Residues of Three Non-Leafy Vegetables (carrot, Green Bell Pepper and Pumpkin) Sold in Popular Market in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria

This study focuses on the determination of elemental composition and pesticide residues in three non-leafy vegetables—carrot (Daucus carota), green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), and pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)—commonly consumed in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The research emphasizes the nutritional benefits, food safety, and public health implications associated with these vegetables. The analysis were carried out using standard methods of analysis. Elemental analysis revealed significant levels of essential nutrients. Potassium (K) was the most abundant element, with concentrations of 90.2 mg/100g in bell pepper, 68.4 mg/100g in carrot, and pumpkin. Sodium (Na) levels were relatively low across all samples, ranging from 12.5 mg/100g in bell pepper to 20.1 mg/100g in pumpkin. The study also highlighted the presence of trace elements such as selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr), with values of 0.01–0.03 mg/100g and 0.05–0.08 mg/100g, respectively. Heavy metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were detected in trace amounts, all within safe consumption limits, ensuring the safety of these vegetables when grown in non-contaminated soil. Pesticide residue analysis revealed varying levels of contamination. While phosphine, bromoethane, and simazine were detected at relatively low levels, higher concentrations of carbofuran (1.6384 mg/kg in bell pepper) and dichlorovos (1.7316 mg/kg in pumpkin) were recorded. Notably, fenitrothion (3.331 mg/kg in bell pepper) and mecoprop (3.8202 mg/kg in carrot) exhibited the highest residue levels, emphasizing the need for monitoring and adherence to safe agricultural practices to minimize health risks. This research highlights the dual significance of these vegetables as rich sources of essential nutrients while also raising concerns over pesticide contamination. The findings provide critical insights for consumers, regulatory bodies, and agricultural stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of regular safety assessments and sustainable farming practices to enhance public health outcomes.