The Ameliorative Efficacy of the Ethanolic Seed Extract of Anacardium Occidentale on Bisphenol-a (bpa) Induced Kidney Damage of Adult Albino Rats

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an estrogenic compound widely used in the production of plastics, water bottles, dental materials and other consumer products, making it one of the most highly produced and environment persistent chemical. It is known to produce toxic effect on various systems including the kidney leading to nephrotoxic effects causing oxidative stress, cellular homeostasis disruption and functional and structural damage in renal tissues. Anacardium occidentale is a medicinal plant which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activities largely attributed to their rich composition of flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. The present research was carried out to evaluate the ameliorative effect of ethanolic seed extract of Anacardium occidentale on bisphenol-A induced kidney damage of albino rats. For this study, 30 male albino rats weighing 100g-150g were divided into 6 groups according to weight (n=5). BPA was administered orally at 10mg/kg for all the groups except the control group. The experimental design involved controlled administration of the ethanolic seed extract following BPA exposure, with treatment groups receiving variable dosages of the extract to determine its optimal therapeutic effects. Group A (normal control) received only rat pellet and water, group B (negative control) received 10mg/kg BPA only for 2 weeks, group C (positive control) received 600mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of A.occidentale for two weeks, group D (low dose received) 10mg/kg of BPA and 150mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of A.occidentale for two weeks, group E (medium dose) received 10mg/kg of BPA and 300mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of A.occidentale for two weeks, group F (high dose) received 10mg/kg of BPA and 600mg/kg of ethanolic seed extract of A.occidentale for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed through cervical dislocation and blood samples and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical and histological examinations. Biomarkers like blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were measured to evaluate renal function. Results show that the group treated with only BPA showed elevated urea and serum creatinine level as well as severe degeneration. The group treated with only the ethanolic seed extract showed low levels of urea and creatinine. Results from the treatment groups showed a significant improvement in kidney function demonstrated by decreased BUN and creatinine levels. Histological analysis also showed reduced degeneration and improved cellular integrity compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, this study suggests that ethanolic seed extract of A.occidentale can mitigate BPA induced nephrotoxicity.