Fungi Profiling and Aflatoxin B1 Level in Sorghum from Sudan Savannah (kangiwa)

Profiling of fungal species and quantification of aflatoxin B1 levels in sorghum collected from farms, markets, and storage facilities in the Sudan Savannah region of Nigeria was conducted. As a key staple, sorghum supports food security, but fungal contamination, especially by aflatoxin-producing fungi, poses significant health risks. This study identified a total of 24 fungal isolates from six genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Curvularia, and Nigrospora using the plate dilution method. Cladosporium sphaerospermum showed the highest occurrence (20.83%), followed by Aspergillus niger (16.67%). Although Aspergillus flavus, a known producer of aflatoxin B1, appeared less frequently (4.17%). ELISA analysis revealed that market samples recorded the highest aflatoxin B1 levels (17.63 ± 6.47 µg/kg), indicating poor post-harvest handling as a critical factor. These contamination levels exceed permissible limits, posing risks such as liver damage and immune suppression. The findings revealed that the distribution of fungal isolates across farms, markets, and storage facilities showed slight variations, suggesting that contamination persists throughout the sorghum supply chain. Additionally, fungal species like Fusarium and Cladosporium were found in significant quantities, further indicating potential mycotoxin risks in sorghum. The study emphasizes the urgent need for improved storage practices, adoption of biocontrol methods, and regular monitoring to reduce contamination. Effective mitigation strategies such as airtight storage and regular monitoring of mycotoxin levels are essential to reduce health risks. This research offers critical insights to farmers, traders, and policymakers, guiding efforts to mitigate risks, enhance food safety, and promote sustainable sorghum production in the region.