Extraction and Characterization of Dyes from Onion Peel and Its Application on Yarn Finishing

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the extraction and characterization of dyes from onion
peels (Allium cepa), a common domestic waste, and their application in yarn
finishing. Various extraction methods—including aqueous medium (H2O),
alcohol medium (C2H5OH), acidic medium (HCl), and alkaline medium
(NaOH)—were employed to determine the most effective process for obtaining
stable and vibrant dyes. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
analysis using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer confirmed the
presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O), and
aromatic compounds, which contribute to the dye’s binding properties and
stability. The study also examined the pH values of the dye extracts and their
influence on fabric interaction. The pH test gives aqueous extract as (5.17),
ethanol extract as weak base (6.34), HCl extract as strong acid (2.20), and NaOH
extract as a strong base (10.90). We also studied the UV spectrophotometer of the
aqueous extract of which gives us the wavelength and absorption rate of the dye
extracts and their influence on fabric interaction. In the application of the
extracted dye in yarn, mordant (lime) was utilized, significantly improving color
retention, wash resistance, and overall durability. The dyed yarn which exhibited
rich and stable hues was used in seam making of a child’s dress, demonstrating
the potential of onion peel extract as a viable natural dye for textile applications.
The findings of this research highlight the advantages of natural dyes, including
their eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature. Moreover, the
study aligns with sustainable practices by utilizing domestic waste, reducing
environmental pollution, and promoting circular economy principles. This
research contributes valuable insights into the feasibility of onion peels as a
sustainable dye source and provides a foundation for future advancements in
natural dyeing technology. Further studies are recommended to optimize
extraction methods, improve fastness properties, and expanding the commercial
viability of natural dyes in the textile industry and beyond.