Design and Construction of Density Based Traffic Signal Control System

ABSTRACT
Traffic management is a significant challenge in today's society. In densely populated cities
like Lagos, traffic congestion is a major issue due to the high population and number of vehicles
exceeding the city's capacity. Prolonged traffic jams are caused by faulty traffic signals,
insufficient manpower, narrow roads, and reckless driving habits. The number of vehicles in
the all cities are greatly increasing every day by day. This results to accidents at crossroads and
due to emission of dangerous gases from exhausts as a result of over congestion of vehicles.
This issue of over congestion of vehicles in one or two directions having red light while the
other ends are free and having green lights forms a greater part of interest in this paper. This
paper describes a design approach to solve this problem in traffic system. The intended system
checks the direction having larger concentration of vehicles and shows green light to the
direction. Vehicle detection system is interfaced with Arduino mega microcontroller board and
positioned in all the directions of a junction. The paper concludes with some highlights of future
works and other useful remarks. The hardware setup utilizes an Arduino Uno board, LEDs for
each traffic light color, resistors for current control, and a breadboard for prototyping. A
systematic wiring approach ensures stability and reliability in the electrical connections. The
Arduino code dictates the duration of each phase, creating a loop structure for continuous cyclic
operation. The system can be adapted to include sensors for real-time detection of vehicles or
pedestrians, allowing dynamic adjustments to traffic light timings based on the current traffic
conditions.
Keywords: Arduino Nano, Breadboard, LED, Sensor