Phytochemical Analysis and Microbiological Quality of Herbal Medicine Sold in Owerri

Student: Faith Akunnaya Ndeze (Project, 2025)
Department of Microbiology
Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State

Abstract

Herbal medicines are commonly used for therapeutic purposes, but their safety and efficacy are often undermined by microbial contamination. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and microbiological quality of herbal products sold in Owerri. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids in certain samples, while alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols were absent across the samples. Microbiological analysis identified Staphylococcus aureus as the predominant bacterial isolate, with total heterotrophic plate counts (THPC) ranging from 1.6×10¹ to 4.0×10¹ CFU/ml. Escherichia coli was also detected in one sample (Otus/Ogbedee), which exhibited the highest contamination (THPC: 2.4×10¹; TCC: 4.2×10¹). Fungal contamination was evident, with Aspergillus spp., Geotrichum spp., and Microsporum spp. isolated, particularly in the Ezeocha sample (TFC: 5.2×10¹ CFU/ml). The findings indicate significant microbial contamination in herbal products, posing health risks despite limited phytochemical benefits. Regulatory measures for quality control, proper hygiene during production, and public awareness campaigns are recommended to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Keywords
phytochemical analysis herbal medicine microbiological quality Owerri contamination safety
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