Antioxidant Properties of Green-Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT
This report explores the intricate interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and biological systems, specifically focusing on their interactions with cell membranes and enzymes. Nanoparticles, due to their small size and unique physiochemical properties, have emerged as promising tools in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. However, understanding their biological interactions is critical for ensuring both efficacy and safety. The report delves into the mechanisms through which nanoparticles interact with cell membranes, such as Endocytosis, Membrane fusion, Direct penetration and membrane disruption. These interactions depend on the size, shape, surface charge, and coating of the nanoparticles, which influence their ability to penetrate or adhere to the lipid bilayer. The influence of these parameters on membrane integrity, permeability, and cellular uptake is examined in detail. Furthermore, the study explores potential cytotoxic effects resulting from membrane disruption or oxidative stress caused by nanoparticles. In addition, the interaction of
nanoparticles with enzymes is discussed, focusing on how NPs can inhibit, enhance, or alter enzymatic activity. This can occur through direct binding to the active site, altering the enzyme's conformation, or through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interactions have significant implications for both therapeutic applications and toxicity assessments. For instance, nanoparticles can be engineered to modulate specific enzyme pathways in disease treat ent, but unintended interactions may lead to adverse effects, including enzyme inhibition and cellular dysfunction. By analyzing both the beneficial and potentially harmful aspects of nanoparticle-cell membrane and enzyme interactions, this report provides a comprehensive understanding of their biological effects. Such insights are essential for the design of safer and more effective nanoparticle-based technologies in medicine