Design and Implementation of a Low Power Wireless Sensor Node for Internet of Things (iot) Applications

ABSTRACT

This research focuses on the design and implementation of a low-power wireless sensor node for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, specifically tailored for motion detection in smart home and security systems. The primary challenge addressed is the limited operational lifespan of battery-powered sensor nodes due to high-energy consumption. Existing solutions often prioritize broad compatibility over stringent power optimization, leading to costly and inconvenient maintenance. To overcome this, the study proposes a solution utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller and an HC-SR501 Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensor. The design is optimized for energy efficiency by prioritizing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, which is ideal for in frequent, short-burst data transmissions. Power management is a key focus, with the system leveraging the ESP32's advanced deep sleep modes to remain in a low-power state for extended periods, waking only upon a motion detection event. The findings of this project contribute valuable insights into the practical application of ultra-low power design principles for IoT devices. The resulting prototype provides a reliable and long-lasting solution for motion sensing, demonstrating a balanced approach to hardware selection, firmware development, and communication protocol choice to meet power constraints. This work serves as a case study for future research, highlighting the viability of BLE as a core communication backbone for distributed sensing applications where longevity is paramount.